Table 1_Simulation-based education improves postpartum hemorrhage management knowledge and skills: a randomized controlled trial.docx

In the linear mixed-effects analysis, the overall group × time interaction for knowledge was not significant [Wald χ²(2) = 2.56, p = 0.279]. Skill performance was substantially higher in the intervention group at both post-intervention assessments (both p < 0.001); the post-test mean difference was 8.83 points (95% CI 4.85–12.81; Cohen's d = 1.358), and the group × time interaction from post-test to four weeks was not significant (p = 0.742), indicating stability of the between-group difference over follow-up.

Self-efficacy increased in both groups, with no significant overall group × time interaction [Wald χ²(2) = 3.10, p = 0.212].</p>Conclusion<p>Simulation-based education was associated with a short-term between-group advantage in PPH-related knowledge and with a large, stable post-intervention advantage in skill performance across four weeks. No clear additional effect on self-efficacy was demonstrated. Because skill performance was not measured at baseline, the skill findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution.</p>Clinical trial registration<p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07618442, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07618442.</p>