Supplementary file 1_Perceived psychological safety, state social connection, and student flourishing in collaborative music activities: a three-wave longitudinal study.docx

Instead, it examined a general interpersonal process within higher music education: whether students’ individually perceived psychological safety was longitudinally associated with flourishing through state social connection. A three-wave survey was completed by 341 university music students from 23 groups at three Chinese universities, with approximately 6 weeks between waves.

Psychological safety was analyzed as an individual perception rather than as a shared team construct. Robust maximum likelihood estimation, full information maximum likelihood for partial missing data, cluster-robust standard errors, and 5,000 bootstrap samples were used. After baseline social connection and autoregressive effects were controlled, T1 perceived psychological safety was associated with higher T2 state social connection (β = 0.350, p < 0.001), which was associated with higher T3 flourishing after prior flourishing was controlled (β = 0.274, p < 0.001).