Supplementary file 1_Exploratory microbiota-metabolite alterations associated with cognitive impairment after repeated low-dose sevoflurane exposure in mice.docx

Serum metabolomics suggested nominal and exploratory alterations in bile acid- and sphingolipid-related pathways. Shotgun metagenomics (n = 3/group) identified preliminary relative-abundance shifts, including a lower Bacteroidota/Bacillota ratio and lower relative abundance of Akkermansia.</p>Conclusions<p>In this proof-of-concept model, repeated low-dose sevoflurane exposure was associated with impaired spatial learning and memory and with exploratory serum metabolic and gut microbial alterations.

The findings do not establish persistent long-term deficits, routine occupational risk, or causal microbiota-metabolite mediation. Larger cage-aware studies, an ambient-air comparison group, targeted validation, and interventional experiments are required.</p>